History of Streptococcus Pyogenes :: Biomedical

History of Streptococcus Pyogenes Abstract: With the earliest recordings coming from the Fifth Century B.C., streptococcus pyogenes, and more frequently, its symptoms have been prevalent among doctors and historians for hundreds of years. The first mentioning of streptococcus pyogenes is to be credited to Hippocrates, in which he describes the relative symptoms of the flesh-eating bacteria in its early stages. Then depicted by Billroth in 1874, patients carrying erysipelas were determined to have this certain bacterial infection. In 1883, the chain-forming bacteria were isolated by Fehleisen; and in the following year, Rosenbach applied the S. pyogenes name. Further advances in hemolytic and non-hemolytic studies were made by Lancefield in the 1930’s, in which the alpha, beta, and gamma subgroups of the hemolytic structures – detailed and defined by Schottmueller and Brown - were divided into serotypes. Although he lived four centuries before the birth of Christ, a man named Hippocrates recorded the symptoms of diseases we still see to this day. Known as the â€Å"Father of Medicine† (Hippocrates), Hippocrates was an ancient physician who studied and recorded his observances of the body’s infections and physiology. He set forth the foundation for future physicians, and in doing so, is accredited for our knowledge of infectious diseases in earlier centuries. During this time however, many believed the earth and its inhabitants were composed of four general elements: air, water, fire, and dirt. They also believed that any one person who fell ill was being punished by the gods. As a foresighted thinker though, Hippocrates encouraged the idea that humans became ill due to natural causes. In that wisdom, he recorded all his observances of his patients and their illnesses, taking careful note of the bodily symptoms and their progression. Described in his works, Hippocrates mentioned scarlet fever-like symptoms, 2 those that correlate to the flesh-eating bacteria now known as streptococcus pyogenes. Due to Hippocrates’ acts as a pioneer in the medical field, these chronicles are the first recordings we have of the existence of the bacteria. Centuries later, another man began to outline more thoroughly the features and symptoms of several afflictions. Theodor Billroth, a Viennese surgeon described streptococci, staphylococci, diplococci, and even rods found in pus as intervals regarded in a distinct species: Coccobacteria septica (Breed). He investigated the roles of the bacteria and entwined their origin. Billroth noticed specific bacteria in those with erysipelas; he named the bacteria streptococcus from the two Greek words strepto meaning a chain formed of links, and coccus meaning berry.

The Fashoda Incident and the Berlin Conference

The Fashoda Incident The Fashoda Incident, also known as Fashoda Crisis, was the climax of a dispute between France and Britain, who were vying for territory in Africa, and both claimed control over a Sudanese outpost. At the end of the nineteenth century, the European powers were competing for control of Africa, hoping to extend their territory into the Sudan and the Great Lakes region. As the French extended eastward from the Congo, the British expanded south from Egypt.The disputes arose from the common desire of each country to link up its disparate colonial possessions in Africa. Great Britain’s aim was to link Uganda to Egypt via a railway from the Cape of Good Hope to Cairo, while France, by pushing eastward from the west coast, hoped to extend its dominion across Central Africa and the Sudan. In July 1898, a French expedition arrived at the Sudanese outpost of Fashoda on the Nile. After British General Herbert Kitchener's victory at Omdurman, he proceeded to Fashoda on orders from the British prime minister.Kitchener claimed the entire Nile valley for Great Britain, and, after several days, both parties withdrew peacefully. The solution to the conflicting claims was later worked out by diplomats in Britain and France, and it reflected the fact that Britain had an army in Khartoum, while France had no appreciable forces in the vicinity. France renounced all rights to the Nile basin and the Sudan in return for a guarantee of its position in West Africa. The Fashoda incident is seen as the high point of Anglo–French tension in Africa. Berlin conferenceA conference held in Berlin, Germany in 1884 to 1885 in order to regulate the trade and European colonialism in Africa during the New Imperialism period. The conference was held following a request by Portugal and organized by Otto von Bismarck, the first Chancellor of the German Empire. During the 70s and 80s of the 19th century, the European powers were interested in Africa to get trades right s and access to the valuable resources, such as gold, timber, land markers and labor powers. The major competition was between the British, Portuguese, French and Belgians.The participant countries at the Conference were: Germany, Austria – Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, France, UK, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden – Norway and The Ottoman Empire. They wanted to work out policy for the division of Africa. The US was against the Berlin Conference because it didn’t want to be considered as a colonial power. The main points achieved were: – To end slavery and the slave trades. – The Congo Free States came under King Leopold’s control (Belgium). – All the European powers were given trade rights in the Congo Basin and other territories. The Niger River and Congo River were to be free for ship traffic. – If any of the participants claimed a part of the African coast, they had to notify the other participant. -The princ iple of Effectivity was one of the outcomes of the Berlin Conference. According to this principle each colonial power had to : – have treaties with the local leader – fly their flag – establish an administration -create a police force As a consequences of the Berlin Conference â€Å"The scramble for Africa† speeded up.

Film and the Emirates: When will the Arabs take the chance?

Why do we need to set our films in United Arab Emirates? Such a simple question but with a vague answer. No matter how much we try to understand and analyze it, maybe we will have a hard time figuring out why there is a need to go in a place where almost everything is prohibited but in the end, this question will not be raised unless we don’t understand what the situation is in United Arab Emirates and how good their film industry goes. Seeking how good the industry in the Emirates is not as hard as it seems but the way they see film does not seem to be in a good way. Perhaps they have been concerned with their personal feelings and not with what will attract the foreign people in their land. Although the government was only trying to protect their country from controversies and unjust exposure, they were not making things easier for the producers and film makers who wanted to portray reality. Apparently, there were no such good movies in the Arabs. Not that they produce ugly films but because they limit themselves from the great possibilities and stories which will make a big hit in their film industry. They don't see the possibility of having big hit movies but they also seem to mislead people from reality. Since the government does not allow political plots nor do they want controversial stories, they choose the foreign films that they want the people to see carefully and once they weren’t satisfied in a single shot because of either a controversial topic or maybe because the makers showed the country in a poor way. They tend to give a scrutinizingly critic every foreign film, aligning everything with their goal of giving a good impression to the people. Attempts to have a better film industry Despite of the current situation of film in the Emirates, there were few attempts that shows how good films were in the Emirates. They seldom consider film as a way of making their industry better but at this point, the Emirates is ready to finally open their doors if we will consider their moves as of the moment. In June 2008, a digital film archive of the Emirates history was seen by the people. Although much of these films were documentaries about the history of the Emirates, this step showed that they were indeed ready for a revamp and change in their film industry. In present, Abu Dhabi Authority for Culture and Heritage was asked to develop a film commission with an order to promote Abu Dhabi as a film location. These attempts to open the doors for foreign films were great steps to have a better film industry and to promote the country as well but if people mislead their real intention, they might blew everything away and end up with nothing but just Emirates, their people and their film industry. Foreign Films Shot in the Emirates: Censorship and Defense In the last four years, Emirates allowed at least two foreign films to be shot in Abu Dhabi. After the shoot, the Emirates government carefully analyzed Syriana and The Kingdom to the extent that several scenes were deleted from the original film. This kind of censorship that the authority made spoiled the whole story but as their defense, they just don't want to Abu Dhabi to be depicted poorly since they were actually working on tourism as of the moment. The question we have right now, is Emirates ready for opening its doors to the world film industry? Maybe not, maybe yes. The two films shot in Abu Dhabi in the last four years showed that there was indeed a strong will to start opening their doors for the foreign film industry. Closing the doors once more? Perhaps there was no reason for us to worry more about the film industry of the United Arab Emirates because they were surely having good movies with them because of the hard work of the people who wanted development and changes but in this case, what we were trying to work out is the realization that they need to open their doors more to let the foreign people see what is good inside their country. Despite of their attempts to do this, their beliefs still goes in the way. Promoting their land as a location for foreign films do not need strict censorship most of the time. In present, they were trying to attract foreign film makers not trying to place negative impression on them. If they want foreign film industry in their land, perhaps they are in need of considering reality and not mischiefs. In what they were trying to do, United Arab Emirates was really close in closing their doors from the people. Films weren't made to deceive people. It was a way to make people see what is reality.

A Time I Was Brave

I have often been a fraidy cat about the simplest things. I remember back when I was a child and being frightened of leaving home to go to school — it was as if I feared that my family would not be there when I got back from school or that I wouldn’t know what to do in school. All my life I’ve had similar fears about many things — being able to do a good job and succeed at my work, worrying whether I’d grow up to become an independent individual who could stand on his own two feet. And, each time with each new worry, I would somehow find a way to master my fears so that they wouldn’t interfere with my life. I didn’t want to lead a life of fear, I wanted instead a life of joy and accomplishment and for the most part that is what I was able to achieve — although it never was easy for me. I do believe that deep down each of us is brave in different ways and in different situations. For example, there is the person who saves another person’s life, such as when someone falls off the subway platform and the other person rescues him. Then there is the person who finds the courage to leave his or her country in order to go to another land and start a new life. That person is very brave, too, because starting a new life in a strange land and with a different language is very, very difficult. Then there’s the person who is very shy, but who leaves the house in the morning to try to find a job and make a living. He somehow overcomes his fear. There is the mother or father who works very long hours at a hard job in order to earn money to help support the family. That person is very brave, too. There is also the person who is afraid of the local bully, but gathers his or her courage to stand up to the bully and tell him off. So tell me about your own life and the time when you were brave. What was the brave deed or act you did? How did you feel – frightened or confident? Was it hard for you to be brave? Or, if you wish, write about someone you know who has done a brave deed. Tell me who that person is and what he or she did. Remember, too, that being a writer is a brave thing to do — it shows you are willing to think deeply about important things and express them in words that may be read and heard.

Proposed Business Process for a Clinic

Description of Proposed Solution Based on my Interview, observation, questionnaire, and my personal experience of having a treatment In Clan EX., optimization of the current system is proposed. The proposed system will be moving the patients' data from paper base into computer base. As mentioned on the previous chapter, the biggest problem of the current business process in Dental Clinic EX. happened because they are still using paper based for patient data and the patient's membership is heavily depend in a human memory.Therefore, by using computerized system will reduce the human errors that often occur in a business. Moreover, the computerized system will increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the time used to find patient's data in the inventory, effort, and Inventory space to keep patients data. Furthermore, by implementing a good system and high technology, the clinic can Increase Its reputation and customers' satisfaction. The concept of the proposed system Is to keep al l patients' data In a database and give a lifetime membership for the patients.The Information system that are covered in the proposed system are Patient Database, Treatment Price, and Transaction Record 81 4. 2. Proposed Business Process 4. 2. 1 . Context Diagram Figure 28. 1 – Context Diagram of Proposed System Figure 4. 1 above shows the differences between the current data flow with the data flow after the new system is proposed. The external agents in this system are still the same (Head of Doctor, Doctor, nurse, administrator, and patient), and they are connected with the Dental Clinic EX. proposed system.In this context diagram, there are significant changes of data flow for the administrator, doctor, and nurse compared to the context diagram before using the proposed system. Here are the comparisons for Admit Current System Proposed System Get appointment request Make schedule for doctors Create or search patient data Create patient data (in database) (paper base), an d give it to nurse. Receive price the treatment from the doctor Create a bill Get the bill from the printer and give it to the patient Record payment Check paper stock to record Check paper for printer patient data Table 4. Comparison of administrator Job Doctor Receive schedule list from the Receive schedule list from the administrator administrator Receive patient data from the Open patient data in database nurse Analyze X-ray result (if any) Update patient data (write the Update patient data (including progress of the treatment) treatment note, price, prescription, and bill) Save the updated X-ray result (if Save the updated X-ray result (if any) any) List all the treatment and price the treatment Create prescription Table 5. 3 Comparison of doctor Job Nurse Receive patient data from the administrator.Give patient data to the doctor. Help patient to get X-ray. Open patient's X-ray result and Open patient's X-ray result and display it in the monitor. Display it in the monitor. Pre pare and check equipments for Prepare and check equipments the treatment. Or the treatment. Give oral report about the quality Give oral report about the quality of the equipments to head of of the equipments to head of doctor. Receive order from head of Receive order from head of doctor about the equipment (order doctor about equipment to get new equipment or call the (order to get new equipment or supplier) Table 6. Comparison of nurse Job By looking at the three tables above, we can see that by using the proposed system, the doctors, nurses, and administrator has fewer Jobs to do. The detail of the data flow in the business process will be explained on the next section about Data Flow Diagram. 4. 2. 2. Data Flow Diagram of Proposed System After implementing the proposed system, there will be some changes in the Data Flow Diagram for treatment process, update patient data, and payment process. The changes of the Data Flow Diagram will be explained on section 4. 2. 2. 1 to section. Data Flow Diagram for Treatment and Update Patient Data Figure 29. 2 DVD for Proposed Treatment and Update Patient Data Figure 4. 2 shows the changes on the process for treatment and update patient data after using the proposed system. After using the proposed system, the DVD has less recess (two processes instead of three) and four external agents; admit, patient, nurse, and doctor. For a new patient, the administrator will input the data in a database when the patient comes to the clinic. After put the data in a database, the patient will get into the treatment room to get treatment, and the doctor will update the data after the treatment.Here is the detail of the treatment process: Process 1 – Update Patient Database Administrator updates the database by creating new patient data. Before do the treatment process, the doctor will load patient data, and X-ray result (if any) to be analyzed. Then update the data after finish the treatment process (after process 2). Process 2 – Do Treatment Process While the doctor is analyzing patient data, the nurse will prepare the equipment for the doctor to do the treatment. After the nurse finished the preparation, the doctor will begin the treatment process.If it is needed to have an X-ray to see the problem clearly, the nurse will help the patient in doing the Gray. When the treatment process is done, the doctor will update patient's data. Update in here means write patient medical history (treatment note), create a prescription, and create a bill for the customer. 89 . 2. 2. 2. Data Flow Diagram for Payment System and Record Transaction Diagram O Treatment list pant Bill record Patient Do transaction Payment Pay bill Figure 30. 3 DVD for Proposed Payment System The picture above shows the Data Flow Diagram for payment system, and record the transaction in a database.This DVD consists of two processes (print bill and pay bill), and three actors (doctor, admit, and patient). After the treatment, the doctor will print the bill. The bill will be printed in double paper. The copy of the bill is for the patient, and the original bill is for the administrator. Administrator will receive the rented bill, after that patient will pay the bill. Here is the detail of the DVD for proposed payment system: Process 1 – Print Bill In this process, doctor tick all treatments given to the patient by using the new application, and insert the price of each treatment, then print the bill.The bill will be printed at the administrator's desk and in a double paper, the copy of the bill is for the patient, and the actual bill is for the Process 2 – Pay Bill After receive the bill, patient will do transaction with the administrator to pay the bill. The payment can be done by using credit card with VISA and Master Card logo, debit BCC, or by cash. 1 4. 2. 2. 3. Data Flow Diagram for Prescription Prescription Update Database Figure 31. 4 Data Flow Diagram for create prescription Figure above shows the process of creating a prescription for a patient.The DVD consists of three actors (doctor, administrator, and patient) and one process (update patient database). The process of creating a prescription is called update patient database because the prescription is saved in a bundle with patient data. 92 Here are the details of DVD for create prescription: After the treatment, the doctor will use the application to create a prescription for the patient, and then print the prescription. The prescription will be printed on the administrator desk. After that, the administrator will give the prescription to the patient. 93 4. 3.Systems Flowchart For Business Process with The Proposed System Figure 4. 5 shows the business process of Dental Clinic EX. after using the proposed system. When the patient come to the clinic, the administrator will check whether the patient has the data in the database or not. If the patient does not have a data in a database, the administrator will ask him o r her to get information to create a new data for that patient. For regular patient, his or her data will be loaded by the doctor n the treatment room (in the current system, patient data moves from administrator to nurse, and nurse will hand it over to the doctor).The treatment process is still the same with the current system, but the process in updating patient data is different. In the current system, after the treatment, the doctor will update patient data (in paper), list all treatments and price the treatments, and then give the paper to the administrator. After that, the administrator will create a bill. If the patient needs a prescription, the doctor will write a prescription, and give the prescription to the administrator. In the new system, the doctor can create bill and prescription in the treatment room.

A porters 5 forces analysis of Wipro Ltd (Indian IT Outsourcing) Essay

A porters 5 forces analysis of Wipro Ltd (Indian IT Outsourcing) - Essay Example The model specifically addresses competition concerns within and without the industry in a bid to evaluate and assess the profitability of firms prior to their competition strategies. The following is an analysis of Wipro Ltd in this regard: Competition is a crucial undertaking for any given business entity. For Wipro Ltd, rivalry pertains to countering forces of advancing technologies from time to time and ensuring that sit meets customer needs as they fall due. In so doing, new and existing firms in the same line of service offering are essential to consider. Wipro Ltd seeks to create customer value that remains competitive and reliable over time in order to keep its business aspect attractive to its customers both in the short run and long run. Entry of new firms in the industry poses threats to the revenue earnings and profitability of Wipro Ltd. Unlike other markets, the information technology is characterized by relatively low barriers to entry. The diversity and dynamism associated with IT services consistently lead to the emergence of new firms. To counter threats of new entrants, the company has diversified its service offering portfolio by establishing Wipro divisions which take advantage of new IT needs in the market. Rival firms offer similar but relatively differentiated IT and consultation services. This gives customers a variety of products and services to choose from. Maintaining high profitability in such an environment requires that the services offered be affordable to the customers. However, it is important that the firm observes its costs of operation in order to strike a balance between pricing and operational costs. To account for this scenario, Wipro Ltd evaluates the IT industry from time to time in order to determine factors that affect consumer behaviour, triggering demand for substitute services. This is a

Business Language Acquisition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Business Language Acquisition - Essay Example It is aimed at providing a required level of use of technical jargon associated with oil-related work and employment. This makes a good practice for enhancing speaking powers by employing the use of business terms related to oil issues. Debate will allow the audience to understand the use of technical terms and create a similar understanding, translation and usage of words. Extensive reading sessions will be held to introduce new topics and relevant issues. Any one executive will be selected to read out loud in the session and any other executive will be selected to summarize what has been read. Feedback will be welcomed from other executives present in the session. The reading materials provided will be related to oil extraction, foreign oil supply diversification and petroleum, oil and gas management studies. This will be an autonomous way of exploring writings on oil availability, oil fields, oil extraction processes, and technological advances around the globe, for both theoretical and practical perspectives on learning oil-related works. These will also serve as source texts for reflecting on learner autonomy in language learning. This can be carried out in two stages: This will help the executives to acquire abilities of effectively expressing their ideas using useful business terms and generate reports of their activities giving detailed and logical reasoning for successor manager to follow. 4. Research Papers The executives will be asked to fish out research materials on global happenings related to oil extraction, filtration and consumption and any other oil related issues and updates. Rationale This activity will not only enrich their knowledge and expertise in